Under motivation theory x, the firm relies on money and benefits to satisfy employees lower needs mentioned before, and once those needs are satisfied the source of motivation is lost. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Maslows needs theory presented a workable motivation framework for managers. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y. He first presented his theory in a classic article titled the human side of enterprise. Theory x and theory y represents a dichotomous view of leadershipworker relations.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y february 5, 2016 by umar farooq aside from maslows hierarchy of needs, there are so many other theories of needs that determine certain specific needs of an individual, which may offer a satisfaction associated with the work motivation. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. Find out how your management style reflects your beliefs about your teams motivation and explore how you can adopt a style that enables your team to. Mcgregor theory x and theory y for staff and employees. May, 2016 many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Theory x managers believe that their employees come to work just to earn a living, and that they dont want to take on new responsibilities.
Theory x assumes that employees are naturally motivated and dislike working 20. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Mba 101 leadership, motivation mcgregor theory x and theory y. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. Different styles of management have a different bearing on the motivation of workers in the organisation.
As a whole, mcgregors theory may animate original spirit of motivation management. Employees are also encouraged to develop expertise and make suggestions and improvements. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. It contains assumptions which he believed could lead to greater motivation and better fulfillment of both individual needs and organizational goals. Dec 22, 2017 in this video we are going to be looking at douglas mcgregor theory x and theory y managers. He treated traditional approach to management as theory x and the professional approach to management as theory y. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches.
The eminent psychologist douglas mcgregor has given his theory of motivation called theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. In his view, the seven changes taking place in an individuals personality make himher a mature one.
The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. In 1943, abraham maslow proposed a simple psychological theory on human needs as they relate to motivation and the order in which they progress. Read this article to learn about mcgregors theory of x and theory y. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if properly motivated. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Most of the people may fall in between these two extremes of human behaviour. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Application of theory x and theory y theory x and theory y represent two extremes to draw the fencing within which the organisational man is seen to behave. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. Douglas mcgregor, a behavior management theorist who was heavily influenced by both abraham maslow and. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. In this theory, management assumes that employees are.
Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. It also focuses on the characteristics of theory x and y and how to manage upwards theory x boss in any organisation. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Theory y is mcgregor s other modem view of the nature of man. A study of mcgregorazs theory x and theory y framework. Categorized under business, management, psychology differences between theory x and theory y. It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner.
Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Theory y theory y expounds a participative style of management that is decentralized. Theory y workers were characterised by mcgregor as. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Chris argyris born july 16, 1923, an us business theorist has developed his motivations theory based on proposition how management practices affect the individual behaviour and growth. What do you think motivates your people to come to work each morning. The style adopted by a manager in managing his subordinates is basically dependent upon his assumption about human behaviour. No man would belong completely to either theory x or theory y. Thus, we can say that theory x presents a pessimistic view of employees nature and behaviour at work, while theory y presents an optimistic view of the employees nature and behaviour at work. Mcgregor theory x and theory y for staff and employees motivation productivity plays a vital role in success of any business. This is the idea behind douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s.
Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Some of the contemporary modern theories of motivation are explained below.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Mc gregorys hygiene theories x and y an unmet need can frustrate an employee and make him unproductive. Thus theoryy aims at the establishment of an environment in which employees can best achieve their personal goals by consulting, participating and communicating themselves to the objectives of the organization. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Usually the minority in mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, theory x is unavoidable. Mcgregor recognized that x type workers are in fact usually the minority, and yet in mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, x theory management may be required and can be unavoidable. Important research by michael kirton presents a different model of creativity that explains the failure of theory y and justi. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. The theory x and theory y are not based on a single truth. Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations. Chmotivation theories x and y motivation theories x and y. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y.
Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Mcgregor x and y theory of motivation pdf theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of. Theory x assumes that there is no internal motivation in employees and only awards and punishment can generate it, while on the other hand, theory y assumes that employs are full of internal motivation and do not require any external gratification. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. The management implications for theory x workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor.
Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s.
Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. Theory x and y which deals with the motivational factors that influence employee behavior was one of the theories. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take. In this process, employees are expected to exercise a large degree of internal motivation. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Theory y a participative style of management that is decentralized assumes employees are happy to. Employee motivation, it says, is all about the fear and the pain. Theory x is negative, traditional and autocratic style while theory y is positive, participatory and democratic. Jul 08, 2017 motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. Theory x takes the negative approach and theory y is the positive approach for. Management theory theory x assumes employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working encourages an authoritarian style of management. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour.
Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Mcgregor 1960 points out that theory x motivation, while productive in situations where the worker is struggling to survive, is usually. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process.
In the case of theory x, the assumption is that workers or employee is do not tend to like work. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Mc gregors theory x and theory y of motivation explained.
We should emphasize that we have labeled these assumptions as a step beyond theory y because of mcgregors own recognition that the theory y assumptions would probably be supplanted by new. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Modern theories of motivation management study guide. Motivation theories x and y mcgregor in his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof.
Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Problems with theory x drawing on maslows needs hierarchy, mcgregor argues that a need, once satisfied, no longer motivates. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Therefore, this theory is not applicable in most contemporary chinese organizations. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. Douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of. Furthermore, theory x fails because it does not consider human motivation, the needs of. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s.
The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness. This theory leads to a conclusion of authoritarian management where employees need to be actively directed in their tasks and require significant supervision. This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles and has formed the basis for much subsequent writing on the subject. Motivation theories explained with notes, articles, videos, and slideshows for mba, bba, higher business studies courses and training programs. As far as contemporary theories of motivation are concerned, all are well supported with evidences.
First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. The theories concentrate on two various models of potential motivation that is implemented by the managers across human resources management, organizational communication, organizational development and organizational behavior. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process, encouraging communication for improvement. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play ordinary people who do not dislike work. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work.
Rewards theory x organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance is part of the overall mechanisms of control. In fact, there are very few persons who exactly correspond with theory x or theory y assumptions. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. In theory y, the work tends to be organized around wider areas of skill or knowledge. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company.
Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. The democratic approach of theory y makes people feel comfortable as a result of which they commit themselves wholeheartedly to. Douglas mcgregor work is established in motivation theory. Theory x managers and theory y managers often see their perceptions of people confirmed.
Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. The paper also summarised the application of theory x and y in classroom management and also. Modern theories of motivation we all are familiar with the classical theories of motivation, but they all are not empirically supported. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. Conclusion theory x and theory y conclusion theory x and. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book the human side of enterprise 1960.
157 1462 911 1340 876 487 518 1036 216 398 900 1245 1404 1465 1266 761 483 1061 419 633 1443 1068 742 215 1472 286 1 881 303 1288 305 1437 1034 935 1250 176 1182 1147 440 457 1322